Hägusad teist liiki integraalvõrrandid

Käesolevas doktoritöös on uuritud hägusaid teist liiki integraalvõrrandeid. Need võrrandid sisaldavad hägusaid funktsioone, s.t. funktsioone, mille väärtused on hägusad arvud. Me tõestasime tulemuse sileda tuumaga hägusate Volterra integraalvõrrandite lahendite sileduse kohta. Kui integraalvõrrandi tuum muudab märki, siis integraalvõrrandi lahend pole üldiselt sile. Nende võrrandite lahendamiseks me vaatlesime kollokatsioonimeetodit tükiti lineaarsete ja tükiti konstantsete funktsioonide ruumis. Kasutades lahendi sileduse tulemusi tõestasime meetodite koonduvuskiiruse. Me vaatlesime ka nõrgalt singulaarse tuumaga hägusaid Volterra integraalvõrrandeid. Uurisime lahendi olemasolu, ühesust, siledust ja hägusust. Ülesande ligikaudseks lahendamiseks kasutasime kollokatsioonimeetodit tükiti polünoomide ruumis. Tõestasime meetodite koonduvuskiiruse ning uurisime lähislahendi hägusust. Nii analüüs kui ka numbrilised eksperimendid näitavad, et gradueeritud võrke kasutades saame parema koonduvuskiiruse kui ühtlase võrgu korral. Teist liiki hägusate Fredholmi integraalvõrrandite lahendamiseks pakkusime uue lahendusmeetodi, mis põhineb kõigi võrrandis esinevate funktsioonide lähendamisel Tšebõšovi polünoomidega. Uurisime nii täpse kui ka ligikaudse lahendi olemasolu ja ühesust. Tõestasime meetodi koonduvuse ja lähislahendi hägususe.In this thesis we investigated fuzzy integral equations of the second kind. These equations contain fuzzy functions, i.e. functions whose values are fuzzy numbers. We proved a regularity result for solution of fuzzy Volterra integral equations with smooth kernels. If the kernel changes sign, then the solution is not smooth in general. We proposed collocation method with triangular and rectangular basis functions for solving these equations. Using the regularity result we estimated the order of convergence of these methods. We also investigated fuzzy Volterra integral equations with weakly singular kernels. The existence, regularity and the fuzziness of the exact solution is studied. Collocation methods on discontinuous piecewise polynomial spaces are proposed. A convergence analysis is given. The fuzziness of the approximate solution is investigated. Both the analysis and numerical methods show that graded mesh is better than uniform mesh for these problems. We proposed a new numerical method for solving fuzzy Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. This method is based on approximation of all functions involved by Chebyshev polynomials. We analyzed the existence and uniqueness of both exact and approximate fuzzy solutions. We proved the convergence and fuzziness of the approximate solution.https://www.ester.ee/record=b539569

Fractional Concepts in Neural Networks: Enhancing Activation and Loss Functions

The paper presents a method for using fractional concepts in a neural network to modify the activation and loss functions. The methodology allows the neural network to define and optimize its activation functions by determining the fractional derivative order of the training process as an additional hyperparameter. This will enable neurons in the network to adjust their activation functions to match input data better and reduce output errors, potentially improving the network's overall performance.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Neurocomputing journa

Collocation method for fuzzy Volterra integral equations of the second kind

In this paper we consider fuzzy Volterra integral equation of the second kind whose kernel may change sign. We give conditions for smoothness of the upper and lower functions of the solution. For numerical solution we propose the collocation method with two different basis function sets: triangular and rectangular basis. The smoothness results allow us to obtain the convergence rates of the methods. The proposed methods are illustrated by numerical examples, which confirm the theoretical convergence estimates

Educational needs assessment of gestational diabetes in pregnant women for safe delivery and healthy baby birth

زمینه و هدف: دیابت حاملگی با شیوعی حدود 7 درصد موارد حاملگی، مختص زنان باردار می باشد و موجب عدم تحمل گلوکز در آنان می گردد. عدم تشخیص و درمان به موقع آن موجب عوارض جدی در مادر و جنین طی دوران بارداری و هنگام زایمان می شود. این مطالعه با هدف نیاز سنجی آموزشی زنان باردار از دیابت حاملگی جهت انجام زایمان ایمن و تولد نوزاد سالم طراحی و اجرا شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه توصیفی مقطعی، 101 زن باردار مراجعه کننده به مراکز بهداشتی درمانی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهرکرد در بهار سال 1393، به روش نمونه گیری آسان انتخاب و وارد مطالعه شدند. از پرسشنامه ای محقق ساخته متشکل از 40 سوال شامل سه بخش سوالات دموگرافیک، آگاهی سنجی و نیاز سنجی آموزشی به عنوان ابزار جمع آوری اطلاعات استفاده شد. میزان آگاهی و نیاز آموزشی زنان باردار در خصوص زایمان ایمن و تولد نوزاد سالم ارزیابی گردید. یافته ها: زنان با تحصیلات در مقطع کاردانی، همچنین زنانی که در بستگان خود دارای فرد دیابتی بودند، اطلاعات بیشتری در مورد دیابت داشتند. به طور میانگین 1/92 درصد زنان باردار به سوالات آگاهی سنجی پاسخ صحیح و 9/7 درصد پاسخ اشتباه دادند. در راستای نیاز سنجی آموزشی 1/64 درصد اعلام نمودند که در رابطه با موضوعات مرتبط با دیابت دوران بارداری نیاز به آموزش دارند و 9/35 درصد اعلام نمودند نیاز به آموزش ندارند. 3/87 درصد زنان از عوارض دیابت حاملگی بر سلامت جنین و نوزاد آگاهی متوسط و خوب و 7/12 درصد آگاهی ضعیف داشتند. نتیجه گیری: زنان باردار با سن کمتر از 35 سال، به علت عدم اطلاع از پایین بودن میزان آگاهی خود، بیشتر در معرض خطر بوده و نیاز به توجه و آموزش بیشتری در زمینه دیابت حاملگی جهت انجام زایمان ایمن و تولد نوزاد سالم دارند

Relationship between the Patients’ Setup Errors with Dosimetric and Radiobiologic Parameters in Whole Breast Radiotherapy

parameters for left-sided Whole-Breast Irradiation (WBI) in three different radiotherapy techniques, including Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT), Field-In-Field (FIF), and Conventional Wedge (CW). Materials and Methods: Computed Tomography (CT) images of 10 female patients with early-stage left-sided breast cancer were used to simulate different radiotherapy techniques (IMRT, FIF, and CW). The dosimetric parameters; Conformity Index (CI), Homogeneity Index (HI), the dose received by at least 95% (D95%) of Planning Tumor Volume (PTV), the volume of lung and heart that respectively received at least 20% (V20%) and 40% (V40%) of the prescribed dose, as well as, the radiobiologic parameters, including Tumor Control Probability (TCP) and Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) were assessed for setup errors in patients. The setup errors were assessed by shifting the isocenters and gantry angles of the treatment plans. Results: The D95% of the PTV for an isocenter misplacement plan in the posterior direction decreased by 66.99 (IMRT), 71.86 (CW), and 68.25% (FIF). The TCP of the PTV was reduced by 26.66, 39.16, and 36.97% for IMRT, CW, and FIF techniques, respectively. Increasing gantry angle by a ±10 degree caused a 43%, 41%, and 41% decrease in the D95% of IMRT, FIF, and CW techniques, respectively. The TCP values decreased about 18% in all three techniques with a ±10 degree gantry angle shift; however, the NTCP values of the heart and lungs increased for all three methods. The CI and HI values had significantly more changes with increasing setup errors in the IMRT than in the two techniques. Conclusion: The radiobiologic parameters in IMRT were less sensitive to setup errors compared to FIF and CW techniques. The radiobiological parameters can help estimate the setup errors along with physical parameters during breast radiotherapy

Towards Sustainable Transportation: A Review of Fuzzy Decision Systems and Supply Chain Serviceability

Modern requirements dictate the need for sustainable transportation systems, given the substantial growth in transportation activities over recent years that is predicted to persist. This surge in transportation has brought about environmental concerns such as air pollution and noise. To deal with this crisis, municipal administrations are investing in sustainable, reliable, economical, and environmentally friendly transportation systems. This review examines the latest developments in fuzzy decision systems for sustainable transport supplements. By reviewing the literature, we assess the serviceability of the entire supply chain to maintain transport quality, remove degradation, and meet customer demands. The link between fuzzy decision systems and supply chain serviceability may not be immediately obvious, but there are many reasons why putting them together can be a valuable focus for companies. By leveraging the capabilities of fuzzy decision systems to optimize supply chain processes and improve service levels, companies can gain a competitive advantage and better meet customer demand

Spatial patterns of changes in frequency of occurrence and intensity of pluvial clouds (lower atmosphere) in Iran

One of the major crises that affect the communities, climate change is and will exacerbate climate risks. The clouds and climatic parameters associated with them, as well as important input in climate change prediction models,  are considered. All clouds have the potential climate change and hydrologic cycle is headed. And any changes in value and their parameters can be the beginning of a chain of reactions and changes in the distribution of weather elements is another time and place. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in cloud abundance of low-level atmosphere in the Iran. To achieve this goal, first low-level clouds atmosphere Iran calculating the frequency of occurrence and when it was provided series Then, using the Mann - Kendall trend was the time of occurrence of low clouds. The spatial pattern of low-level cloud changes was analyzed. The results showed that the highest frequency of occurrence of low-level clouds atmosphere of Iran, in the north and northwest of the country, But each has a different spatial distribution of low-level clouds. The frequency of occurrence of low-level clouds in most provinces has been significant changes. And 23 stations of the 30 study sites have a significant change in the confidence level is 0.05 percent, The changes also showed that most stations (17 stations 30 stations) have incremental changes are. Spatial differences also showed that changes in the North East and the South West to Isfahan and Qom decreasing trend And   Trends in other parts of the country there is a significant increase in clouds of the low-level atmosphere. The early 1990s and the late 1980s when point mutations in the series are low-level clouds

Characterization of the Mechanism of Action of <i>Serratia rubidaea</i> Mar61-01 against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> in Strawberries

Several bacterial strains belonging to Serratia spp. possess biocontrol capability, both against phytopathogens and human pathogenic species, thanks to the production of secondary metabolites, including as a red-pink, non-diffusible pigment, 2-methyl-3-pentyl-6-methoxyprodiginine (prodigiosin). Botrytis cinerea is the causal agent of gray mold, which is an economically relevant disease of many crops worldwide. Gray mold is normally controlled by chemical fungicides, but the environmental and health concerns about the overuse of pesticides call for environmentally friendly approaches, such as the use of biocontrol agents. In this study, the efficacy of a specific strain of Serratia rubidaea (Mar61-01) and its metabolite prodigiosin were assessed against B. cinerea under in vitro and in vivo conditions. This strain was effective against B. cinerea, and the effect of prodigiosin was confirmed under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The strain suppressed mycelial growth of B. cinerea (71.72%) in the dual-culture method. The volatile compounds produced by the strain inhibited mycelial growth and conidia germination of B. cinerea by 65.01% and 71.63%, respectively. Efficacy of prodigiosin produced by S. rubidaea Mar61-01 on mycelial biomass of B. cinerea was 94.15% at the highest concentration tested (420 µg/mL). The effect of prodigiosin on plant enzymes associated with induction of resistance was also studied, indicating that the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were increased when prodigiosin was added to the B. cinerea inoculum on strawberry fruits, while catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) did not change. In addition, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by S. rubidaea Mar61-01 reduced mycelial growth and inhibited conidial germination of B. cinerea in vitro. The findings confirmed the relevant role of prodigiosin produced by S. rubidaea Mar61-01 in the biocontrol of B. cinerea of strawberries, but also indicate that there are multiple mechanisms of action, where the VOCs produced by the bacterium and the plant-defense reaction may contribute to the control of the phytopathogen. Serratia rubidaea Mar61-01 could be a suitable strain, both to enlarge our knowledge about the potential of Serratia as a biocontrol agent of B. cinerea and to develop new biofungicides to protect strawberries in post-harvest biocontrol

Effects of Naphthalene on Plasma Cortisol and Thyroid Levels in Immature and Mature Female Klunzingeri Mulet, Liza klunzingeri

Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as naphthalene (NAP) are organic pollutants that have spread widely in littoral marine ecosystems. We aimed to study the effect of acute and prolonged exposure to naphthalene (NAP) on plasma cortisol and thyroid levels in mature and immature Liza klunzingeri mulet. Methods: In acute stress experiment, the treatment group received 2μl g-1 sunflower oil containing NAP (50 mg kg-1) intraperitoneally and the controls were injected with sunflower oil alone (2μl g-1). Blood samples were obtained from both groups after 3 h. In prolonged stress experiment, 10 μl g-1 of coconut oil containing NAP (50mg kg-1) was implanted and blood samples were obtained 72 h after injection. Results: Both the acute and prolonged exposure induced significant increase in cortisol and a significant decrease (P<0.05) in thyroid hormone T4 levels. Thyroid T3 hormone levels only decreased significantly (P<0.05) after prolonged exposure. Acute exposure resulted in significant decrease (P<0.05) in T3/T4 ratio only in immature fish. On the other hand, prolonged stress increased T3/T4 ratio in immature fish. Conclusion: Changes in the plasma levels of these hormones indicate low physiological capacity and survival potential of fish in waters polluted with naphthalene